| Gallery forests |
Evergreen forests that form as corridors along rivers
or wetlands and project into landscapes that are otherwise only
sparsely treed such as savannas, grasslands or deserts. |
| Galloway |
Horse 14 to 15 hands high |
| Gambrel |
A bracket-shaped
piece of iron on which a carcase of a sheep is hung by its hind legs
during the process of dressing or when hung in a butchers shop. |
| Gametes |
Male and female
sex cells. |
| Gander |
Adult
male goose. |
| Gang |
See shearing gang. |
| Gap-Grabbing
Weeds |
Opportunistic ruderal plants which
colonise
bare or sparsely populated sites. |
| Gare |
Straight,
coarse glossy fibres on a sheep which grow continuously. |
| Gasper |
Sheep
gasping for breath while being shorn.
Usually caused by grass coming up into the sheep's throat. |
| Gate |
The
structure which closes the access way between pens and
paddocks. There are many kinds made
from, wood, pipe, and steel.
Different functions such as lift and swing, drafting gate, backing
gate. See also Queensland
Gate Flood Gate |
| Gearing |
The relationship
of debt to equity, and
often measured as the ratio of total liabilities
to equity (i.e. the debt equity ratio). Syn. Leverage |
| Gelding |
A castrated male
horse. |
| General
Journal |
In financial
accounting the general journal is used for any entries that are not
suitable for the other journals (Cash Receipts, Cash Payments,
Purchases and Sales Journals). Generally these are: Adjustment of
errors, closing of nominal accounts, opening a new set of books,
interest and overdue accounts, depreciation of non-current assets,
purchase and sale of assets on credit, writing-off of bad and doubtful
debts, withdrawal of goods for private use |
| General
Ledger |
The accounts
of a business kept
together eith in electronic form or manually in a bound book or
loose-leaf cards. |
| General Systems
Theory |
A set of logical
deductions about the behaviour of a class of objects called systems.
General systems theory has been developed in order to explain and
explore the general behaviour that is common to all of the various
empirical systems found within the different disciplines. It is
interdisciplinary in nature and finds a place between the level of
complete generalisation of mathematics and the level of specific
relations within each academic field. |
| Generation interval |
The average age of the parents when
the
offspring are born. |
| Genes |
Basic units of
hereditary material that govern the characteristics of individuals. |
| Genetically-Based
Resistance |
Depends on the
inheritance of immunity. |
| Genetic
engineering |
The direct manipulation of an
organism's genes through a number of methods, such as traditional
breeding and recombinant technologies. The goal of both is the same,
introduction of DNA (in the form of a gene) which in turn finds
expression as favorable physical characteristics in the organism.
See also Genetic
Modification |
| Genetic
Modification |
Generally refers to the commercial application of
genetic engineering to the production of novel foodstuffs etc |
| Genetically modified organism (GMO) |
A genetically modified organism, using recombinant DNA
technology. See Transgenic. |
| Genotype |
The genetic
constitution (gene make-up) expressed or latent, of an organism cf. phenotype. |
| Geographic
Information System (GIS) |
A spatial type
of information management system which provides for the entry, storage,
manipulation, retrieval and display of spatially oriented data. |
| Georeference |
To define something's existence in physical space. That
is, establishing a relation between raster or vector images to map
projections or coordinate systems. |
| Geotropism |
The
effect of gravity upon the direction of growth. |
| Germination |
Sequence of
events in a viable seed that starts with the imbibing of water and
leads to the growth of the embryo, and the development of a seedling. |
| Germplasm |
The material or
physical basis of heredity. |
| Gestation Period |
Duration of
pregnancy, averages 283 days (9 months) in cattle; 5 months in sheep;
11 months in horses and 4 months in pigs. |
| Get |
1.
A colloidal solution that has set to a jelly.
2. The progeny of a sire (ram); a term usually applied to his offspring
of one season. |
| Gibberellins |
A group of plant
hormones whose most characteristic effect is to increase the elongation
of cells. |
| Gilgai |
Surface humps
and hollows associated with soils that have clay subsoils. Also called
'coolamons' and 'melon-holes'. c.f. vertisols |
| Gilt |
A young female
pig that has not had a litter. |
| Gilt-Edge
Securities |
Securities
considered to be absolutely safe, such as government bonds and stocks. |
| Gin (Cotton) |
See Cotton
Gin |
| GIS |
Geographic Information
System. GIS are special-purpose digital databases in which
a common spatial coordinate system is the primary means of
reference. GIS contain subsystems for: 1) data input; 2) data storage,
retrieval, and representation; 3) data management, transformation, and
analysis; and 4) data reporting and product generation. It is useful to
view GIS as a process rather than a thing. A GIS supports data
collection, analysis, and decision making and is far more than a
software or hardware product. |
| Gizzard |
Part
of digestive system of poultry used to grind the food. |
| Global
Warming |
Possible
increase in mean air temperatures around the globe mainly due to
increased greenhouse gasses.
See Global
warming information page |
| Glumes |
Bracts,
two in number: Found at the base of a flower stalk of grasses. |
| Glut |
A "glut" of any
commodity exists when its supply is greatly in excess of the demand for
it. |
| Goal |
A desired state of affairs of a person or of a system.
For
businesses the primary 'goal' is to derive profits by making goods or
services available to the end user (customer) at the best possible
cost. See Objective. |
| Going Concern |
The assumption
that, in the absence of evidence to the contrary, an entity is assumed
to have an indefinite life ie it has not just started and is not about
to end. |
| Gosling |
Young
goose. |
| Goyder's Line |
A line across South Australia at an approximate
rainfall
boundary indicating the edge of the area suitable for agriculture.
North of Goyder's Line, the rainfall is not reliable enough, and the
land is only suitable for grazing on a long-term sustainable basis. The
line traces a distinct change in vegetation between the scrub bushes
known as mallee to the south and the arid salt bush to the north. This
change forms a line across the state. Goyder's line almost exactly
represents the demarcation of a long-term average of 254mm (10 in.) of
rain per year. |
| GPS |
Global Positioning System.
Developed for the military for navigation and surveying, the GPS relies
on satellites (and ground stations) for precise determination of
location. Although GPS can be used to determine location very precisely
(within centimetres given the correct controls and proper use), it does
not solve all the problems of locational determination in GIS databases. |
| Grab |
Wool sample
weighing between 100 and 400 grams removed from a bale with a
mechanical hand. |
| Graded Banks |
Earthen banks
put in to control the flow of water on sloping land. They are not on
the true contour but are used to move water to adjacent areas. |
| Grade cow (or
bull) |
A cow (or bull)
that is not registered but is predominately of one breed.
Used loosely to describe all unregistered cattle. |
| Grading |
1. Sorting into
lots, according to colour, size and shape e.g. Fruit and vegetables,
meat carcasses,
wool.
2. The process of removing foreign material from cereal
crop seed. |
| Grafting |
The joining of
two separate structures, such as a root and stem or two stems, so that
by tissue growth they form a union and grow as one plant. |
| Grain |
1. The fruit of grasses.
A small dry, one seeded fruit that does not open at maturity.
2. Surface layer of pelt, hide or leather containing wool or hair
follicles. |
| Graminoid |
Grass or
grass-like plant, such as Poa, Carex and Juncus
species. |
| Granulation |
The
process of producing a granule, e.g. granular superphosphate. |
| Granule |
A
solid formulation of particle size larger than that of dusts in which
the active ingredient is either homogeneously mixed with the diluent or
coated on an inert core. |
| Grass cleaned |
Grass removal reom an area with grass
specific herbicides. |
| Grass
fence |
Fence
made by two electric fence wires at the same height and 1 metre apart-
where the herbage grows between wires. |
| Grass-Seed Injury |
Physical
injuries by seeds e.g. barley and brome grasses allow seeds to
penetrate eyes and skin of sheep, very small seed (shive) may give rise
to processing difficulties of wool. |
| Graze |
(a) The
consumption of standing forage
by livestock or wildlife. (b) To put livestock to feed on standing
forage. |
| Grazier |
A landholder who
mainly runs grazing animals. Distinguished from a farmer who may
cultivate land for cropping. |
| Grazing Behaviour |
The foraging
response elicited from a herbivore
by its interaction with its surrounding environment. |
| Grazing
Capacity |
The total number
of animals which may be sustained on a given area based on total forage
resources available, including harvested roughages and concentrates.
cf., carrying
capacity. |
| Grazing
Continuous |
Allowing
domestic livestock to graze a specific area throughout the grazing
season. The term is not necessarily synonymous with grazing for a 12
month period or a calendar year. |
| Grazing
Deferred |
Discontinuance
of grazing by livestock on an area for a specified period of time
during the growing season to promote plant reproduction, establishment
of new plants, or restoration of vigour by old plants. |
| Grazing Deferred
Rotation |
Discontinuance
of grazing on various parts of a farm in succeeding years, allowing
each part to rest successively during the growing season to permit seed
production, establishment of seedlings, or restoration of plant vigour. |
| Grazing
Distribution |
Dispersion of
livestock within a paddock. |
| Grazing
Management |
The manipulation
of grazing and browsing animals to accomplish a desired result. See Grazing Continuous, Grazing Deferred, Rotational Grazing |
| Grazing
Preference |
Selection of
certain plants, or plant parts, over others by grazing animals. |
| Grazing Pressure |
An animal to
forage relationship measured in terms of animal units per unit weight
of forage at any
instant. |
| Greasy
wool |
Wool
as shorn from the sheep and containing the natural impurities of wax, suint, and dirt i.e. not scoured. |
| Greenchop |
Chopped forage plants that may be fed direct to animals
(as is or wilted) or ensiled. |
| Green
Manure |
A crop that is
ploughed into the soil while it is still green and growing, to improve
soil fertility. |
| Green
Manuring |
The practice of
using a crop grown for use as a source of organic matter it is usually
incorporated into the soil while still green and actively growing. |
| Green Revolution |
The dramatic
improvement through genetics of the yield and performance of grain
crops, chiefly wheat. |
| Greenhouse
Effect |
The effect of
the earth's atmosphere on the sun's radiation coming and going from the
earth. Most of the sun's rays coming in pass readily through the
atmosphere, but those that are reflected back from the earth are
trapped in the atmosphere. So the atmosphere acts like the glass in a
greenhouse, because it traps the sun's energy. See Global Warming |
| Green
skin |
Undried
skin from a farm or slaughterhouse.
Such skins have no keeping quality. |
| Grind |
Sharpening
of shearing combs and cutters on a revolving abrasive disc. |
| Gross |
The whole amount
before any payments, expenses, liabilities or other
sums
are deducted. |
| Gross Domestic
Product(GDP) |
Is the final
value of goods and services, at current market prices, produced by the
economy in a year. All intermediate products are excluded and only
goods used for final consumption or investment goods are included.
Imported goods consumed are excluded, while goods for export are
included. |
| Gross
Income |
The total
income, both cash and non-cash, received from an enterprise or
business, before any expenses are paid (plus or minus changes in inventory). |
| Gross
Margin |
Of an enterprise
(or of an activity within an enterprise) is the gross receipts less the
variable expenses(eg.
Fertiliser, fuel, seed). Specific gross margins may be expressed
on a 'per hectare', 'per labour-month', 'per $ invested', etc. May be
calculated on a historic basis from records or budgeted. Can
also be calculated for the whole farm. In mixed farms (crop
&
livestock) the cumulative gross margin of a rotation is preferable to
looking at individual enterprises as they may receive benefits from
each other (crops benifiting from nitrogen produced by pasture legumes,
livestock grazing stubbles). |
| Gross
Margin Budget |
Calculation of
the expected gross receipts less the variable expenses
of
an enterprise or activity. May include interest on the
working capital (sometimes estimated as half the variable expenses
by
the overdraft
rate). |
| Gross National
Product(GNP) |
Is GDP plus
income accruing to domestic residents from overseas investments less
income earned domestically accruing to foreigners abroad. |
| Gross
Output |
The value of the
production of an enterprise or the farm as a whole. |
| Gross
Profit |
Total farm
income less variable
costs. |
| Gross
Revenue |
The total of all
the revenue received
by
a business over a period of time; same as gross
income. |
| Ground Cover |
The percentage
of material, other than bare ground, covering the land surface. It may
include live and standing dead vegetation, litter, cobble, gravel,
stones and bedrock. Ground cover plus bare ground would total 100
percent. cf. foliar cover. |
| Ground Truth, Ground truthing |
A term used in cartography,
meteorology,
analysis of aerial photographs, satellite imagery and a range of other
remote sensing techniques in which data are gathered at a distance.
Ground truth refers to information that is collected "on location" i.e.
what is there in reality. In remote sensing, this is especially
important in order to relate image data to real features and materials
on the ground. The collection of ground-truth data enables calibration
of remote-sensing data, and aids in the interpretation and analysis of
what is being sensed. |
| Groundwater |
Water within the
earth that supplies wells, bores and springs. Specifically, water in
the zone of saturation where all openings in soils and rocks are filled
the upper surface of which forms the water table. May drain into creeks
and rivers, carrying leached nutrients and dissolved salts |
| Groundwater Table |
Level below the
soil surface, at which permanent underground water accumulates. |
| Growing
Season |
In temperate
climates, that portion of the year when temperature and moisture permit
plant growth. In tropical climates it is determined by availability of
moisture. |
| Growth |
1. In animals or
plants, the increase in the size of a cell, tissue or organism.
2. In finance the increase in net worth or wealth over time.
Measured as a change in equity. |
| Growth Regulator |
An organic
substance effective in minute amounts for controlling or modifying
plant processes. |
| Grubbing |
The act of
removing roots, whether woody or herbaceous, by man or animal. |
| Guarantor |
A person who
gives a written guarantee to accept responsibility for repayment of a
debt should the borrower fail to meet their commitment. Such
a debt may sometimes be secured against an asset
belonging to the guarantor. |
| Gudgeon |
The part of gate
hinge assembly that is fixed to the gate post. The hinge straps fit
over the gudgeon. |
| Guide
wire |
A
wire used to define the position of the finished fence. |
| Gully |
A furrow,
channel or miniature valley, usually with steep sides through which
water commonly flows during and immediately after rains. |
| Gummy Mouth, Gummies |
Sheep that have
passed the broken mouth stage, and have lost virtually all their teeth. |
| Gun |
A shearer who
consistently shears two hundred or more sheep in a day. |
| Gut |
Flexible
drive shaft of shearing machine which is encased in downtube. |
| Guttation |
The
term given to the appearance of clear drops of water on the tips and
margins of leaves, particularly under humid conditions. |
| Gymnosperm |
A plant that
bears naked seeds without an ovary. Radiata pine trees and Australian
cypress pines are examples. Most plants are Angiosperms and have
flowers. |
| Gypsum |
Calcium sulfate;
a compound that stabilises sodic
clay soils by replacing sodium ions
with calcium ions. |
