| Identical Twins |
Results from the splitting of a
single fertilised ovum (egg), and each half is identical with the
other. Identical twins are extremely important for research purposes;
they are always the same sex. |
| Identity-retained marketing |
Marketing of produce emphasising that it meets locally
grown, naturally produced, organic, or certified standards. |
| Imi herbicide |
Imidazolinone (Group 2) herbicide |
| Impedance (Electrical) |
Combination
of resistance, inductance, frequency, and capacitance (sometimes called
A.C. resistance). |
| Impermeable Layer |
Dense layer in the soil profile
impervious to infiltration of water. cf. hardpan. |
| Implementation |
The process of carrying out
management decisions. |
| Improved
Pasture |
Pasture that has been fertilised,
and usually had introduced species added. |
| Improvements |
Renovations or additions to capital assets that
improve their productivity and/or extend their useful lives. |
| In Vitro
Digestibility |
Pertaining to the digestibility of
a food in an artificial rumen. |
| Inbreeding |
This occurs when a female is mated
with a male to which she is related. The more closely related the two
are, the more intense the degree of inbreeding. |
| Inbreeding
coefficient |
The rate at which heterozygosity
is
reduced (or homozygosity
is increased) per generation in the population. |
| Inbreeding
depression |
The lowered performance that arises
through
increased inbreeding |
| In-calf/Lamb |
An animal that is pregnant. |
| Incisors |
Description usually given to an
animal's permanent teeth, as opposed to milk (temporary) teeth. |
| Income |
Economic gain resulting from the
production of goods and services, including receipts
from the sale of commodities, other cash payments,
increases in inventories,
and accounts receivable.
See Revenue. |
| Income Elasticity |
See elasticity |
| Income elasticity of demand |
A measure of the responsiveness of the quantity
demanded to changes in prices. Elasticity measures the degree to which
price is effective in calling forth or holding back quantity |
| Income
Equalisation Deposits |
The Income Equalisation Deposits
(IED) scheme was designed to reduce fluctuations in the income of
Australian primary producers. Deposits of income could be made during
high income years and that income withdrawn during low income years.
Any IED was tax deductible for the purposes of assessing taxable income
in the year in which the deposit is made. Now replaced by Farm Management
Deposits |
| Income
Statement |
A report that summarises the income and expenses and computes the
resulting profit of a
business over a period of time. |
| Income-Inelastic |
An item is income inelastic if a 1
per cent increase in disposable income leads to less than a 1 per cent
increase in the quantity of the good being demanded. |
| Incompatibility |
The
inability of two or more chemicals or their formulations to be mixed
together without altering the physical characteristics or efficiency of
any chemical in the mixture. |
| Incorporate |
The
incorporation of a chemical with the soil means the very thorough
mixing of that chemical, often herbicides or nematicides, with the
soil. |
| Increaser
Plant Species |
Range management usage. Plant
species of the original vegetation that increase in relative amount, at
least for a time, under overuse. cf. decreaser species. |
| Incubation |
The
hatching of eggs by means of heat, natural, or artificial.
Incubation period = period
between the setting and hatching out of eggs, being 21 days for
chickens. |
| Incubator |
Apparatus
used to hatch eggs by supplying heat and humidity artificially |
| Indehiscent |
Remaining
closed at maturity. |
| Index Number |
The term "index number" has been
applied to a series of somewhat similar devices employed in the
analysis of statistical time series. In its simplest expression an
index number may take the form of converting a time series (eg. Of
apple consumption) into a series of figures where consumption is
expressed as 100 for some base period (eg. The average of the 5 years
before World War II). After this base period has been designated the
figures for other years are expressed as a ratio to the figures in the
base period. Similarly, one can construct index numbers for the level
of consumer prices, agricultural production, etc. This involves 1.
Choosing a base period, and 2. Choosing weights for converting
dissimilar products (eg. Apples and meat) to a common denominator. In
the case of the consumer price index this problem is usually solved by
taking a basket of goods, valuing it at the retail price during some
base period and working out the percentage increase or decrease in the
subsequent period. |
| Index |
A computed assessment or estimate
of an
animal’s genetic value based on a number of different traits. |
| Indicator Species |
(a) Species that indicate the
presence of certain environmental conditions, seral
stages, or previous treatment. (b) One or more plant species selected
to indicate a certain level of grazing use. cf. key species. |
| Indigenous
Species |
See Native species |
| lndolacetic Acid
(IAA) |
An
important plant hormone. |
| Induction |
Power
transfer without contact. Fore
example, charging of "dead" or neutral fence wires which run parallel
to live ones. |
| Industrial Agriculture, Industrial
crops |
Producing
crops for industrial applications (e.g. fuel, lubricants, cosmetics)
rather than food or animal feed. |
| Industrial farming |
This term lacks clear definition. In general it refers
to treating farming in a similar way to large industry. There are
technical, scientific, economic and political aspects to this
view. These include innovation in agricultural machinery and
farming methods, genetic technology, techniques for achieving economies
of scale in production, the creation of new markets for consumption,
the application of patent protection to genetic information, and global
trade. Particularly in animal industries there is a trend toward
consolidation, simplification, and specialisation. Production is often
by highly leveraged, farm factories where the animals are owned by, or
under contract to, by multinational companies from the time they are
born or hatched right through their arrival at the processing plant and
from there to market i.e. a high degree of vertical integration. |
| Industrialization |
When
used in agriculture, this term usually refers to the consolidation of
farms into very large production units. |
| Infertile egg |
Egg
laid by a hen without fertilisation from cock, incapable embryonic
development. |
| Infestation |
Invasion by large numbers of parasites or pests. |
| Infiltration |
The flow of a fluid such as water
into a substance such as soil through pores or small openings. It
connotes flow into a substance in contradistinction to the word percolation. |
| Infiltration Rate |
Maximum rate at which soil under
specified conditions can absorb rain or shallow impounded water,
expressed in quantity of water absorbed by the soil per unit of time,
e.g. mm/hour. Can be readily measured using a can with the bottom cut
out, pressed into the soil surface, a litre of water added, and the
rate of water entry timed. |
| Inflammable |
A
term with the same meaning as "flammable",
the latter being the preferred term. |
| Inflation |
An increase in the price level
creating a decrease in the purchasing power of money. |
| Inflorescence |
The arrangement of the flowers on
the stem. A flower cluster. |
| Influence diagram (ID) |
A compact graphical and mathematical representation of
a decision situation (also called a decision network). |
| Ingesta |
Nutritive materials consumed by the
animal. |
| In-line filter |
Dairy:
A device for removing impurities from the milk by means of a filter
element. The filter
element is contained within an enclosed chamber installed in-line and
as part of the releaser pump delivery line. |
| Inoculum |
The material, usually bacteria,
that is introduced by inoculation. It is especially important in crop
and pasture legumes where a symbiosis
between Rhizobium bacteria and the root of legumes
is established. |
| Inoculate |
a. To introduce a serum, vaccine,
or antigenic substance into (the body of a person or animal),
especially to produce or boost immunity to a specific disease.
b. To implant micro-organisms or infectious material into (a culture
medium). |
| Input |
(a) A resource used in the
production of an output. (b) Something which goes into a system. |
| Input use efficiency |
Output per unit input e.g. tonnes of grain per kg of
applied nitrogen. |
| Inputs |
A term used broadly to refer to
anything that is taken in by or enters into the workings of a process
or a system e.g. as nutrients or energy into an ecosystem, silt into a
stream, etc. |
| Insect growth regulators |
Substances
which modify the growth patterns of insects, e.g. juvenile hormones
which prevent the insect from developing further than the juvenile
stage. |
| Insecticide |
A chemical formulated to kill
insects. style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">Commonly
but incorrectly used to refer to a chemical, which not only kills
insects but also kills mites and ticks.
Insecticides may exert their effect by one or more of the following
actions (a) contact, (b) ingestion, (c) fumigation. |
| Insulator |
A
material across which an electric current will not flow. |
| Intake-bed Zone |
Geographical or topographic region
where rainfall infiltrates
as a source of underground water. |
| Intangible
Assets |
Things such as good will, patents,
etc. that are valuable to a business but are not tangible things such
as buildings, stock or money. |
| Integrated
farming system |
Where crop production and livestock production are
conducted as separate businesses which are integrated, intra- or
inter-regionally, to achieve certain benefits e.g. where one or more
cropping farms supply grain to a cattle feedlot or a piggery and/or
manure from the intensive operation is spread on broadacre farms. Cf Mixed Farming. |
| Integrated
Pest Management |
Prevention of economically
significant pest outbreaks by enhancing (or introducing) those factors
which suppress or prevent pest activity, forms the basis of integrated
pest management (IPM) in its broadest sense. Syn. Integrated
control |
| Intensity of farming |
Is usually gauged by the pressure placed on the
resources by the farming system. An increase in the number of crop
cycles per year and/or the number of years of cultivation or a decrease
in the number of years of fallow or pasture ley
results in an increase in intensity as would an increase in the number
of livestock per unit area. Increased intensity usually
requires increased inputs and management |
| Intensive
Agriculture |
System of cultivation using large
amounts of labour and capital relative to land area. |
| Intensive
tillage |
A tillage system that leaves less than 15% crop residue
cover or less than 560 kg/ha of small grain residue. These types of
tillage systems are often referred to as conventional tillage systems
but as reduced
and conservation
tillage systems have been more widely
adopted, it is often not appropriate to refer to this type of system as
conventional. These systems involve often multiple operations with
implements such as a mould
board plough, disk,
and/or chisel plough.
After ploughing, further workings with discs or harrows are often used
to break clods, kill weeds and prepare a 'seed
bed'. |
| Interaction |
A
phenomenon whereby the effect of one factor varies with the level or
strength of another factor. |
| Interbreeding |
Cross
breeding
, usually by the mating of half
breeds |
| Intercalary
Growth |
The pattern of stem elongation in
grasses, from the lower internodes
to the upper internodes, through the differentiation of meristem tissue at the base
of the internode. |
| Interceptor(vacuum tank) |
Dairy:An interceptor vessel
situated on
the main airline immediately upstream from the vacuum pump to prevent
liquid or foreign matter gaining access to the pump. |
| Intercropping |
Cultivating two or more crops in the same space at the
same time. |
| Interdisciplinary
Approach |
Where people from several diverse
disciplines or (fields of study) work together to solve a problem. In
an interdisciplinary approach people from multiple disciplines and
professions are engaged in creating and applying new knowledge as they
work together as equal stakeholders in addressing a common challenge.
See multidisciplinary, transdisciplinary,
crossdisciplinarity. |
| Inter-relationship |
A situation where one part of a system will have an influence
on another, however without the direct effect, it would be classed as
an interaction. |
| Interest |
Money paid for the use of money
lent. (see Compound
Interest, Flat
Interest, Real
Interest, Nominal
Interest, Effective
Interest, Discount
Rate, Interest Rate
Formulae) |
| Interest-only Loan |
Loan
where capital is not repaid during the life of the loan, but as a lump
sum at the end of the loan. Annual interest is on the full
amount of the loan |
| Interlotting |
Method
of preparation of wool for sale by a wool broker whereby one to three
straight bales of a type from one grower are matched with other
growers' bales of a similar type to make a saleable line.
Also called grouping. |
| Internal
Rate Of Return (IRR) |
The discount or interest
rate at which the net
present value of an investment is just equal to zero. See Interest Rate Formulae |
| Internal
Transaction |
A non-cash accounting transaction
carried out between two enterprises within the same business. |
| International
Organisation for Standardisation. |
International committees formed
under the auspices of the ISO have developed internationally accepted
standards to guide the development of quality management (ISO 9000
series) and environmental management (ISO 14000 series, including ISO
14001, the international EMS
standard |
| Internode |
A section or part between two nodes, as of a nerve or stem |
| Introduced
Species |
A species not a part of the
original fauna or flora of the area in question. cf. naturalised
and native species. |
| Invader |
Plant species that were absent in
undisturbed portions of the original vegetation of a specific site and
will invade or increase following disturbance or continued heavy
grazing. cf. increaser
species. |
| Inventory |
A complete listing of the number,
type, and value of assets
owned at a point in time. |
| Inventory
(Stocks) |
Raw materials, work in process, and
finished goods held by the business. |
| Inverted emulsifiable concentrate |
A
concentrated solution of an active ingredient in oil or other solvent,
forming, with water, a water-in-oil emulsion. |
| Inverted emulsion |
An
emulsion of finely divided droplets of water in oil. These emulsions do
not flow easily and form large droplets when forced
through a nozzle. Salad mayonnaise is an example of an invert emulsion. |
| Investment
appraisal |
An evaluation of the profitability
and financial feasibility of a potential investment. |
| Invoice |
An
itemized bill or list of goods shipped or services rendered, with an
account of all costs. |
| Ions |
Atoms, groups of atoms, or
compounds that are electrically charged as a result of the loss of
electrons (cations) or
the gain of electrons (anions). |
| Irrigation |
To supply dry land or individual
plants with water by means of ditches, pipes, sprays, drippers etc.. |
| Isoquant |
A line on a graph connecting points
that represent all the possible combinations of inputs that can produce
the same output. |
| Isothiocyanates |
Sulphur-containing phytochemicals with the
general formula R-NCS. |
| Isotope |
Chemistry any of two or more forms
of a chemical element, having the same number of protons in the nucleus
and, hence, the same atomic number, but having different numbers of
neutrons in the nucleus and, hence, different atomic weights. |
