| P |
Chemical symbol for phosphorus. |
| Paddock |
The Australian term for a field, or
enclosed grazing area. |
| Paddy |
a.
Rice, especially in the husk, whether gathered or still in the field.
b. A specially irrigated or flooded field where rice is grown. |
| Paint
(Hides & Skins) |
Chemical
mixture capable of penetrating skin and loosening the wool. |
| Painting
(Hides & Skins) |
Application
by spray or other means of a dewoolling mixture to the flesh side of
the skin. |
| Palatability |
The relish with which a particular
species or plant part is consumed by an animal. |
| Palea |
The upper of the two bracts that
enclose the flower in grasses. |
| Palmation |
By
about their third or fourth season fallow deer develop a distinctive
flattening or "palmation" at the ends of their antlers.
The edges of the palms are marked by a series of points (cf. spillers, snags). |
| Pan (Soils) |
Horizon or layer in soils that is
strongly compacted, indurated (made hard), or very high in clay content
cf. caliche, claypan, hardpan, ploughpan. |
| Pan Evaporation |
See Class
A evaporimeter. |
| Panicle |
An open
branching inflorescence, e.g. oats. |
| Papilla |
A nipple-shaped protuberance found
at the base of a wool follicle, from which the fibre grows. |
| Par Value |
The price at which a share or other
security is issued - the face value of the investment. |
| Para plough |
A primary tillage implement used for deep ploughing
without inversion. It reduces the bulk density and increases the
hydraulic conductivity of the soil. |
| Paradigm |
A collection of the major
assumptions,
concepts and propositions in a substantive area. Paradigms serve to
orient research and theorising in the area, and in this respect they
resemble models. cf. models.
The
usefulness of paradigms derives from their providing a compact
codification of the central concepts and their interrelations. |
| Parameter |
A constant term in an algebraic
equation,
but used in farm management to show one of the factors influencing a
budget (for example, the price or yield of wheat). |
| Parametric Budget |
A budget expressed in the form of
an
algebraic equation expressing the relationship between revenue and
expenses and the resultant profit. |
| Parasitism, Parasite |
Organism living in or on another
organism from which it obtains food. |
| Parasitoid |
An insect (e.g. an ichneumon wasp) that lays its eggs
inside the living body of another animal or insect. The hatching larvae
live as parasites which eventually kill their hosts. |
| Parenchyma |
An unspecialised cell or tissue.
The cells are usually thin-walled, and retain the capacity for cell
division at maturity. |
| Pareto criterion of efficiency |
See Economic
efficiency |
| Part
Per Million (PPM) |
One part by weight of dissolved
chemical, or suspended sediment, in 1 million parts by weight of
water. |
| Parthenocarpy |
The
production of fruits in the absence of pollination and fertilisation.
Parthenocarpic fruits are usually seedless, e.g. citrus fruits,
seedless grapes, and in cultivated varieties of pineapple and banana. |
| Partial
Budget |
A budget that estimates the
difference
between the extra costs and extra returns, income lost and costs saved
from a change occurring in an enterprise or the current farm plan. They
are used to evaluate a proposed change and only show those things
affected by the change. |
| Partnership |
An unincorporated business formed
by two
to twenty people who share the risks and profits. Each individual may
have full liability for any debts. |
| Parturition |
Giving birth. |
| Paste |
A
thick, concentrated suspension |
| Pastoral
Zone |
The zone of inland Australia that
receives a very low annual rainfall, including semi-arid and arid
areas. |
| Pasture |
(a) Forage
plants used as food for grazing animals. (b) Any area devoted to the
production of forage, native or introduced, and harvested by grazing. |
| Pasture
Allowance |
The amount of pasture dry matter
which will be available to each animal as it grazes. |
| Pasture
Improved |
See improved pasture. |
| Pasture
Improvement |
Pasture in which species have been
introduced and usually fertiliser added. |
| Pasture
Ley |
A pasture phase as part of a
sequence of crops for nitrogen replenishment and disease
break. |
| Pasture
Mass |
The amount of pasture dry matter
present in a particular paddock at a particular time. |
| Pasture
topping |
The application of low rates of
herbicides
to weeds in pasture prior to, or in early flowering, to reduce
the number of viable seeds produced. Can substantially reduce the seed
bank and benefit following cropping cycles in the rotation |
| Path-dependent |
Path dependence explains how the set of decisions one
faces for any given circumstance is limited by the decisions one has
made in the past, even though past circumstances may no longer be
relevant. |
| Pathogens |
Parasite which causes diseases. |
| Patterson's Curse |
Echium plantagineum. An invasive
annual
plant native to the Mediterranean area but best known in Australia,
where it is also known as Salvation Jane (particularly in South
Australia). Other names are Blueweed, Lady Campbell Weed or Riverina
Bluebell. |
| Paunch |
See Rumen |
| Payback
Period |
The length of time it takes for the
accumulated net returns earned from an investment to equal the original
investment. |
| Payments |
Money paid out - usually refers to
cash |
| Payoff
Matrix |
A contingency table that
illustrates the possible outcomes for a particular occurrence and their
respective probabilities. |
| Pearling |
Knobbly
or ridged texture of antlers of some deer species. |
| Pectin |
A complex organic compound found in
the cell walls. The basis of fruit jellies. |
| Pedestaled |
A condition where the soil has
eroded from
around individual plants or other objects such as small rocks, leaving
them on small pedestals of soil. Sometimes the result of frost heaving. |
| Pedicel |
The
stem of an individual flower. |
| Pedigree |
A table representing the line of
ancestors of an animal. An animal possessing such a table. |
| Peduncle |
The short stem of the flower
cluster. |
| Pelage |
Coat of
deer. |
| Pellet |
A
mixture of an active ingredient and inert carrier with a particle size
greater than dusts. |
| Pelt |
Lamb/sheep
skin after wool removal. |
| Pencil
staple |
Wool
with a thin staple. |
| Penman equation |
Calculates evaporation (E) from an open water surface,
and was developed by Howard Penman in 1948. Penman's equation to
predict E requires daily mean temperature, wind speed, relative
humidity and solar radiation. |
| Percolation |
The flow of a liquid through a
porous substance. cf. infiltration. |
| Perennial
Plant |
A plant that has a life span of 3
or more years. |
| Perennials |
See Perennial
Plant |
| Perennate, perennation |
Of plants; to surive from season to season
i.e. a perennial plant |
| Performance
test |
A
method of evaluating an animal based on its own performance relative to
its contemporaries. |
| Pericarp |
The
mature ripened ovary wall of a plant. |
| Permaculture |
A term for 'permanent agriculture'
coined
to describe a system of planting, growing and harvesting in harmony
with nature. Permaculture designs use land, plants and animals in the
diverse and balanced ways in which they would occur in natural systems. |
| Permanent Water |
A watering place which supplies
water at all times throughout the year or grazing season. |
| Permanent
Wilting Point |
The water percentage of a soil when
plants
growing in that soil are first reduced to a wilted condition from which
they cannot recover in an approximately saturated atmosphere cf
field capacity. |
| Permeability |
Capacity for transmitting water. It
is measured by the rate at which water can move through soil in a given
interval of time. |
| Persistency |
A cow's ability to produce milk and
butterfat over a long lactation (10 months). The word 'low' or 'high'
precedes the term. |
| Persistent
Pesticides (Hard Pesticides) |
Pesticides composed of compounds
that
retain their toxicity for long periods of time after application such
as DDT and many other chlorinated hydrocarbons. Such pesticides do not
deteriorate quickly, work their way up the food chain through various
animals and may accumulate in the fatty tissues of animals, including
man, and remain there indefinitely. cf. Trophic Levels. Residue |
| Person - Year
Equivalent |
A total of 12 months of labour
contributed by one or more persons. |
| Personal |
Relating to the personal affairs of
the
proprietors of the entity, therefore excluded from the accounting for
the balance sheet and profit statement of the entity. |
| Pessary |
A large capsule or tablet of
medication
placed in the cow's vagina in order to assist in the prevention or cure
of infectious disease, especially after calving. |
| Pest(s) |
Normally
pests are those animals (insects, mites, birds, etc.) which damage crop
plants.
The word now is sometimes used more generally and may refer to any
organisms (including weeds and disease organisms such as fungi) which
may harm crops and depress yields. |
| Pesticide |
A general term for chemicals which
will kill weeds, fungi, insects or other pests of plants, animals or
products. |
| Petiole |
The leaf stalk of a plant. |
| pH Buffering
Capacity |
The ability of a soil to absorb
acid or lime with little or no change to pH. |
| Phage |
A virus
that attacks and destroys bacteria. |
| Phalaris |
Grass of the genus of Poaceae.
Species include: Phalaris aquatica, Phalaris arundinacea, Phalaris
canariensis, Phalaris tuberosa |
| Phalaris Staggers |
Disease of stock induced by eating Phalaris
infected by a particular fungus. |
| Phase Farming |
In which the field may be cropped
for 4 to 8 years, and then changed to legume pastures for 2 to 3 years
(may include lucerne or fast growing trees). |
| Phenology |
The study of periodic biological
phenomena
which are recurrent such as flowering, seeding, etc., especially as
related to climate or day length. |
| Phenological development |
The natural development of a plant
or animal through
the various stages of its life cycle. Envionmental factors
may influence this development. |
| Phenotype |
The physical appearance of an
individual as contrasted with genetic makeup or genotype. |
| Phenotypic plasticity |
The ability of an organism with a given genotype to change its
phenotype in response to changes in the environment |
| Pheromone |
A sex-attractant hormone or scent
produced by animals or insects. |
| Phloem |
Vascular tissue of plants that
conducts synthesised foods e.g. sugars, proteins through the plant.
Basically composed of sieve elements and parenchyma. |
| Photo
Interpretation |
The art and science of identifying
objects and conditions from photographs. |
| Photogrammetry |
Measurements made from aerial
photographs
including area measurements, distance, direction, height or differences
in elevation or slope and the processes of mapping. |
| Photoperiod |
Number of daylight hours in a day. |
| Photoperiodism |
The
response of plants to the relative lengths of day and night. |
| Photopoint |
An identified fixed point from
which photographs are taken at periodic intervals. It can be part of
the monitoring process. cf. monitoring. |
| Photosensitization |
A noncontagious disease resulting
from the
abnormal reaction of light-coloured skin to sunlight after a
photo-dynamic agent has been absorbed through the animal's system.
Grazing certain kinds of vegetation or ingesting certain fungi under
specific conditions causes Photosensitization. |
| Photosynthesis |
The process of plants converting
carbon dioxide into carbohydrates by chlorophyll using the energy of
sunlight. |
| Phototropism |
The
effect of light on the direction of growth. |
| Phylum |
One of the major kinds of group
used in classifying animals (Division being more common in plants) |
| Physical Asset |
An asset
which provides the entity with a physical service. |
| Physical
Efficiency |
The ratio of output received per
unit of input used, all in physical units. |
| Physiology |
The
study of metabolic activities and processes of living organisms. |
| Phytochemical |
A plant or fruit derived
chemical compound. |
| Phytomass |
Total amount of plants (including
dead attached parts) above and below ground in an area at a given time.
cf. biomass. |
| Phytonutrient |
A phytochemical
or compound that comes from an edible plant and is believed to have
nutritive or thereputic benefits. |
| Phytotoxic |
Toxic to plants. |
| Pickled
pelt |
Lamb/sheep
pelt preserved for export with brine and sulphuric acid. The product
from the fellmongery. |
| Pie pieces |
Pieces of skin with wool adhering
which have been cut from skins during the process of fellmongering |
| piezometer |
An instrument for measuring
pressure, especially high pressure. |
| Pigs |
Also called hogs
or swine, are omnivorous, even-toed ungulates of the family
Suidae, which have been domesticated as sources of food, leather, and
similar products. |
| Pig terminology |
See Backfatter,
Baconer, Barrow, Boar, Chopper, Gilt, Porker,
Rig, Runt, Slip,
Sow, Stag, Store,
Sucker,
Weaner. |
| Pioneer Species |
The first species or community to
colonise or recolonise a barren or disturbed area in primary or
secondary succession. |
| Pieces |
Body
wool trimmings removed from the fleece
when it is skirted
after shearing. The
longer pieces are termed first or bulky pieces while the shorter pieces
are termed second pieces. |
| Pinchbar |
Similar
to crowbar, maybe smaller. |
| Pinhole |
Lamb/sheep
pelt defect. Small
holes in the grain caused by wool fibres growing in groups. Prevalent
in fine wool
breeds. |
| Pink'em |
Make a
very good job of shearing a sheep.
Shearers sometimes call this a "special cut". |
| Pistil |
The central organ of the flower
composed of the stigma,
style and ovary. |
| Pith |
The
tissue occupying the centre of the stem within the vascular cylinder. |
| Pitting |
Making shallow pits or basins of
suitable capacity and distribution on pastures to reduce overland flow
from rainfall. |
| Pizzle |
The penis of male animals. |
| Pizzle Dropping |
Cutting the tissues between the
sheep's
belly and the sheath enclosing the penis or pizzle in wethers to
prevent wool stain and fly strike in the pizzle
area. |
| Pizzle Rot |
An infection and ulceration in
wethers and
rams around the pizzle area caused mainly by a high protein pasture
diet. Also known as 'sheath rot'. |
| Pizzle
stain |
Unscourable
urine staining in wether and ram bellies, and ewe crutchings. |
| Placenta |
Membranous tissue uniting an unborn
mammal
to its mother's womb and acting as a site of nutrient exchange between
the blood systems of the mother and developing offspring. It is expelled at birth and
called the afterbirth or cleaning. |
| Plain |
A broad stretch of relatively level
(often treeless) land. |
| Plain
(wool) |
Straight
fibred wool lacking crimp. |
| Plain bodied |
A term applied to a sheep that has
relatively few wrinkles on its body |
| Plant |
(a) A member of the vegetable group
of living organisms.
(b) A collection of items of machinery and equipment or other working
assets. |
| Plant
Density |
The number of plants per unit
area. |
| Planting |
Sowing, Seeding. To place seed in or on the ground by
hand or machine for future growth |
| Plastic mulch |
Plastic sheeting used, in a similar fashion to mulch,
to suppress weeds and conserve water. |
| Plate
cooler |
A heat
exchanger containing
a number of thin formed plates (plate pack) of approved material
through which heat is transferred from the milk to a coolant. |
| Plough |
(Noun) An implement for cultivating
soil,
usually as a primary, or first operation. Examples are mouldboard, disc
or chisel ploughs, or a rotary hoe. (Verb) Use such implements. |
| Plough
Pan |
A hard layer (pan) which develops
at plough depth and which prevents root penetration and water
infiltration. c.f. hard
pan. |
| Pluck |
The
name given in a
meatworks to the lungs, heart, diaphragm, wind pipe and other pieces
removed as one item from the chest cavity of slaughtered animals. |
| Plucked |
A term applied to wool removed from
the
carcase of a dead sheep as soon as the fibres become loose from the
skin; a superior grade of 'dead' wool. |
| Plums |
Finished, prime
or fat cattle. |
| Plumule |
The bud
of the embryo. At
germination the plumule gives rise to division of the shoot above the
cotyledon. |
| Poddy |
Artificially reared animal, bucket
or nipple fed on milk or milk replacer. |
| Point
of lay |
Period
just prior to the laying of the first egg, when the bird's metabolism
is changing to the productive level.
The comb and wattles at this stage become larger and bright red. |
| Point
Source Pollution |
pollution whose source is specific
rather
than general in location. For example, particulate matter emanating
from a specific smoke stack is point source pollution. cf. non point source. |
| Poisonous
Plant |
A plant containing or producing
substances
that cause sickness, death or a deviation from the normal state of
health of animals. cf. toxic
plant species. |
| Polled
(polledness), poley |
Animals that are naturally without
horns. |
| Pollen |
The small bodies that are borne in
the anthers of flowers and contain the male sex cells. |
| Pollination |
The transfer of pollen from the
anther to the stigma either within the same flower or between different
flowers. |
| Pollution |
Any substance or energy form (heat,
light
, noise, etc.) which alters the state of the environment from what
would naturally occur. Especially associated with those altered states
which human value judgements have decreed as bad. |
| Polyacrylamide (PAM) |
A
synthetic water-soluble
polymer made from monomers of acrylamide. PAM binds soil particles
together and is used in erosion control and irrigation.
Also used in electrophoresis gels etc. |
| Polycultural
Systems |
Agriculture using multiple crops in
the same space, in imitation of the diversity of natural ecosystems,
and avoiding large stands of single crops, or monoculture. It includes
crop rotation, multi-cropping, intercropping,
companion planting,
beneficial weeds, and alley
cropping. (c.f. monoculture). |
| Polycyclic diseases |
Diseases where secondary cycles of reinfection occur
during the season. They can spread rapidly within fields and to other
fields in a single season. Control options are aimed at reducing spread
by decreasing the number of secondary cycles that occur. An example is
the stem, black or cereal rusts are caused by the fungus Puccinia graminis. |
| Polygenic |
Concerned
with many genes. |
| Polyploidy |
Having
more than twice the normal number of chromosomes. |
| Polysaccharides |
Carbohydrate produced by a
combination of
many molecules of monosaccharides e.g. starch, cellulose. Large, often
fibrous molecules. |
| Pome |
An
accessory fruit with a leathery endocarp such as pear,
apple and quince. Compared with stone fruit such as peach, cherry and
plums. |
| Pony |
Horse of any breed up to 14 hands. |
| Pools |
Cereal and Horticultural crops are
often
sold on a pool basis. The crop is delivered to the marketing authority
and 'pooled' with crops from other growers, and the individual grower
often receives an 'advance' at this stage. Further payments are made to
the grower as the crop is sold, after the costs of the authority have
been deducted. In some cases, pools are not finalised for a number of
years, necessitating forecasting the proceeds to be received in the
future and careful treatment of accounts. See Forecast
Proceeds Receivable |
| Population |
Genetics:
A group of individual animals. |
| Pore Space |
The openings in a soil not filled
with solid particles. Pore spaces are filled with varying proportions
of air and water. |
| Porker |
Pig
slaughtered at about 50 kg live weight (40 kg carcass) for fresh meat.
See Meat Terminology |
| Porosity |
The percentage of the total bulk
volume of a soil that is not occupied by solid particles. |
| Porthole |
Opening
or doorway by which sheep leave the shearing board. |
| Post
(s) |
Used to
support the wires on a fence.
Many kinds such as: Strainer posts
Main support posts at either end of the fence to which the wires are
strained. · Intermediate posts
The posts between the strainer posts.
May be called line posts. Angle posts
Posts placed where the fence changes direction.
Need extra support by stays or tie-backs. |
| Post
cap |
Metal
cover for a post to protect it from the weather. |
| Post
driver |
Tool or
machine for driving pointed posts into the ground. |
| Post-Emergence |
Farming operations done after the
crop emerges c.f. post-emergence
herbicides, pre-emergence
herbicides. |
| Post-Emergent
Herbicides |
Those applied after the crop
emerges. |
| Post
hole borer |
Machine
to bore a hole in the ground in which the post is inserted |
| Postnatal |
Of or
occurring after birth, especially during the period immediately after
birth. |
| Post-Weaning
Lamb Mortality |
The extent of deaths occurring
after the lambs have been separated from their dams, and usually from
weaning until the hogget
stage, or alternatively the death rate of weaners. |
| Potential
Evapo-Transpiration |
Is the sum of water lost by the
combined
processes of evaporation from a free water surface (such as an
evaporimeter tank) and transpiration loss from a crop or other plant
cover from a particular area in a specified time. |
| Potential
Hydrogen (pH) |
A measure of the hydrogen-ion
activity in
solution, expressed on a scale 0 (highly acid) to 14 (highly basic);
7.0 pH is a neutral solution, neither acid nor basic. |
| Potential
Theoretical Yield |
Relationship between crop yield and
rainfall. Indicates possible yields if all other plant requirements
were met fully. |
| Potential Yield |
See Production Potential |
| Poult |
A young
turkey before sexual maturity. |
| Poultry |
Domesticated
species of birds reared for eggs, meat or feathers; include chickens,
ducks, geese, turkeys, guinea fowls, etc. |
| Precipitation |
Condensation from the atmosphere,
falling as rainfall, dew, snow, hail or sleet. |
| Precipitation-Use Efficiency |
See Rainfall
Use Efficiency |
| Precursor |
Parental substance leading by
chemical reaction to the daughter substance. |
| Predation |
Any animal including insects that
preys on
and devours other species. A predator may be distinguished from a
parasite which lives on only one host at a time and usually does not
destroy the host. |
| Pre-Emergent
Herbicides |
Those applied before crop emerges c.f.
post-emergent
herbicides. |
| Preferred Species |
Species that are preferred by
animals and are grazed by first choice. |
| Perennate, perennation |
Of plants; to survive from season to season i.e. a
perennial plant |
| Pregnancy diagnosis (PD) |
Diagnosis
of pregnancy by palpation of the cow's uterus through the rectum wall
or using ultrasonic instruments, etc. |
| Prepaid Expense |
A payment made for an input or
service
prior to the accounting period in which it will be used. Treated as an
asset on balance day |
| Preparatory
Crop |
A residue-producing temporary crop
utilised as part of seedbed preparation to provide mulch into which
forage plants can be direct seeded. cf. nurse crop. |
| Prepotency |
The
ability of an animal to produce offspring like itself. |
| Present
Value |
The current value of a set of
payments to be received or paid out over a period of time. See Interest Rate Formulae |
| Press Wheels |
Are small wheels behind a sowing
implement
to compact the soil around the newly sown seed to improve seed-soil
moisture relations. |
| Presser |
A person who operates a wool press. |
| Pressing |
Compressing
loose wool into bales in either a shearing shed or wool store. |
| Price Earnings
Ratio |
Relates a company's annual earnings
expressed in cents per share to the current market price of the share. |
| Price Inelastic |
An item is price inelastic if a 1
per cent change in its price results in less than 1 per cent change in
the quantity demanded. |
| Price
Ratio |
The ratio of the price of the input
being
added to the price of the input being replaced, or the ratio of the
price of the output being gained to the price of the output being lost. |
| Prices |
These are often quoted as f.o.b. f.o.r. or c.i.f. |
| Prill |
A solid
formulation of a
particle size larger than that of dust in which there is normally an
inert core surrounded by active ingredient. |
| Primal
cuts |
The
wholesale cuts of meat.
For export lamb these are usually the shoulder, rack (ribs), loin, leg,
and shank making up approximately 81 % of the carcass.
A greater number of primal cuts are taken from beef carcasses. |
| Primary
Production |
The conversion of solar energy to
chemical
energy through the process of photosynthesis. It is represented by the
total quantity of organic material produced within a given period by
vegetation. cf. net
primary production. |
| Primary Salinity |
Naturally-occurring processes of
salt accumulation which are not caused by land management practices. |
| Prime
Cattle |
Cattle with carcase type that
satisfy specified market requirements. See Meat
Terminology |
| Prime
Cost |
A method of calculating the annual depreciation of an asset by reducing the value of
the asset by a fixed percentage of the original cost of the asset. |
| Prime
Lambs |
Lambs raised specifically to be
slaughtered at or about weaning.
The term 'prime lambs' is preferred to 'fat lambs' (the old term) since
the latter erroneously infers that the meat is fatty. See Meat Terminology |
| Principal |
(a) Head of a business. (b) The
amount borrowed, or the part of the original loan that has not yet been
repaid.. |
| Principal
Reduction |
Repayment of part of a borrowed sum. |
| Pristine |
A state of ecological stability or
condition existing in the absence of direct disturbance by modern man. |
| Problem Cause diagram or tree |
A particular problem is identified and the possible
causes are drawn up and linked to the problem. |
| Problem map |
A diagram where each node is a problem and each link
shows the relationship between problems. |
| Progeny
test |
The
evaluation of an animal by examining the performance of its progeny. |
| Pro
Rata |
In proportion. |
| Probability
Distribution |
A set of possible outcomes to a
particular event, and the probability of each occurring. |
| Process-Based
Research |
Concentrates on explaining what
makes a
system operate or behave in a particular way. This research invariably
deals with components of a system rather than the whole and the subject
to be studies must be well-defined. |
| Produce |
Something which is produced and
harvested; usually for sale, eg grain, fruit, milk, eggs, wool. |
| Producer Organism |
An organism that can use radiant
energy to synthesise organic substances from inorganic materials, e.g.
green plants. Syn. autotrophs. |
| Production
Function |
A mathematical relationship
(frequently
presented as a graph) which shows how inputs of various physical
factors are related to changes of output e.g. the effect of different
amounts of fertiliser |
| Production Possibility
Curve (PPC) |
A line on a graph that connects
points
representing all the possible combinations of outputs that can be
produced from a fixed set of resources. |
| Production
Potential |
1. Estimated maximum yield which
can
be sustained.
2. The calculation of Potential yield Y = m W/P, where m is a
constant for a particular crop and soil conditions, including the
proportion of moisture lost by evaporation from the soil; W = Total
seasonal water use and P = mean growing season (from sowing to
maturity) Class A Pan Evaporation. French and Schultz estimated values
of m for various crops and soil evaporation situations. |
| Production Year |
The twelve-month period which best
matches the production cycle of an enterprise or of a business. |
| Productivity |
Economics: The amount of output
created (in
terms of goods produced or services rendered) per unit input used e.g.
land yield/ha .More generally the amount of production for a given set
of resources. See Water
Productivity |
| Products (of a system) |
Desired outputs
of a system |
| Profit |
(a) The opposite of loss. (b) The
reward
for employing capital. (c) The excess of total revenue over total
expenses over a specified period. (d) An increase in equity resulting
from the operation of a business.
Can be looked at in several ways Operating Profit - Revenue from
operation of the business less all operating expenses. Proprietorship
Profit -Operating profit plus non-operating receipts
less non-operating expenses.
Net Profit -
Proprietorship profit plus any capital
gains (or less any losses). |
| Profit &
Loss Account |
Details the total farm income less all variable costs. |
| Profit
(Economic) |
The value that remains after all costs, including opportunity costs,
have been subtracted from gross
income. |
| Profit Statement
(Income Statement, Profit And Loss Statement) |
An accounting statement or summary
for an entity which shows in a concise form the major revenue and expense components and the
measures of profit (or loss)
for a specified period. |
| Profitability |
The degree or extent to which the
value of the income
derived from a set of resources exceeds their cost. |
| Profitability
Measures |
Enterprise profitability - see Gross Margins. Return to Capital
- Profit shown as a percentage of the assets which earned that profit,
eg. - Operating Profit
to Total Assets -
Proprietorship Profit to Equity
- Net Profit to
Total Assets |
| Progeny |
The offspring of the sire and dam. |
| Progeny Testing |
Assessing the performance of an
animal's
progeny to assess the animal's value as a parent (its breeding value).
Mainly used to assess sires. |
| Prolapse |
General:
The falling down or slipping out of place of an organ or part, such as
the uterus.
Poultry: Eversion of part of the oviduct and rectum through the vent. |
| Promissory
Note |
A legal agreement that obligates a
borrower to repay a loan. |
| Prop
roots |
Roots
that arise from the stem above soil level, e.g. maize. |
| Propagule |
Any part of an organism, produced
sexually or asexually that is capable of giving rise to a new
individual. |
| Proprietary
Company |
Has a limited number of
shareholders
(<50), and the rights of shareholders to transfer their shares
are
limited. It is prohibited from inviting to subscribe for shares or
debentures. Has Pty. Ltd. In name. |
| Proprietorship,
Proprietor's Equity |
See Equity. |
| Protein |
Complex
organic compounds constructed from amino acids and composed of carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur. |
| Protoplasm |
The
complex, semifluid,
translucent substance that constitutes the living matter of plant and
animal cells and manifests the essential life functions of a cell.
Composed of proteins, fats, and other molecules suspended in water, it
includes the nucleus and cytoplasm. |
| Protoplast |
The living material of a plant or
bacterial cell, including the protoplasm and plasma membrane after the
cell wall has been removed. |
| Pruning |
Removal of plant parts to keep a
better form or to control the direction and amount of growth. |
| PTIC |
Pregnancy
Tested In Calf. A term used to describe the condition of cows
and heifers to indicate
their reproductive condition, particularly when they are offered for
sale. |
| Public
Company |
The majority of large businesses
are
public companies financed by a large number of shareholders and managed
by professional managers. Status indicated by Ltd. Or Limited in name of firm.
Shares readily transferred through stock exchange. |
| Puddle Erosion |
Effect of rain striking the soil
surface, breaking down crumb aggregation and forming a uniform
structureless mass. |
| Pugging |
A condition of the soil in which
the structure is damaged by animals or machinery during wet weather. |
| Pull |
Action
of dog bringing sheep directly to its handler. |
| Pullet |
Female
bird ready to lay or in its first peak production. |
| Pulsation |
Milking Machines: Pulsation cycle
One complete liner movement sequence.
· Pulsation rate
The number of pulsation cycles per minute. · Alternate
pulsation.. When cycle movement of half the number of liners
in a cluster alternates with the movement of the other half.
· Simultaneous pulsation
When cyclic movement of all liners within a cluster are synchronised. |
| Pulsation
chamber |
The
annular space between the liner and the teat cup. |
| Pulsator |
A valve
mechanism for producing cyclic pressure change. |
| Pulsator
controller |
A
mechanism to operate
pulsators, either integral with a single pulsator (self-contained
pulsator) or a system controlling several pulsators. |
| Pulse |
1.The edible seeds of certain
pod-bearing plants, such as peas and beans.
2.A plant yielding these seeds. . |
| Puberty |
The stage in an animal's life when it reaches
sexual maturity. |
| Pup |
Young
dog of either sex up to weaning (6 weeks) and possibly up to about 12
months old. |
| Pure Breeding |
See straightbreeding. |
| Put
Option |
A contract that gives the buyer the
right
to sell a futures contract for an agricultural commodity at a specified
price. It is used to set a minimum selling price in advance. |
