| Table mortgage |
See Credit
Foncier Loan |
| Tactical
Management |
The process of
making and implementing short - term decisions that keep the farm or
ranch moving toward its long - term goals. See Strategic Management |
| Taff, Teff |
Eragrostis
tef - A small-seeded cereal that is staple in Eritrea and
other parts of North Africa. |
| Tag |
A label
attached, usually to animals, for identification. |
| Tail Drain |
A ditch at the
lower end of a flood irrigation system that collects the excess water
as it flows from the field or irrigation bay |
| Tail
painting |
Painting
of tail-base of cow to show when she has been mounted by another cow.
The paint is rubbed off the
cow being mounted and indicates heat. |
| Tail Tagging |
Identification
of cattle for sale. Landholders must purchase tail-tags from the
appropriate authority. The tags have the owner's identification number,
and may be coloured to indicate Hormone Growth Promotant
status, or other factors important to buyers. |
| Tailing |
See Docking |
| Take-all decline |
Take-all (Gaeumannomyces
graminis) is a disease of cereal roots common in temperate
climates. Experiments performed at Rothamsted Experimental Station have
shown that take-all build-up occurs in successive crops to reach a peak
in the 3rd to 5th cropping year, after which the disease declines,
ultimately restoring yields to 80 to 90 % of 1st and 2nd year levels.
The decline cycle is destroyed by the introduction of a crop other than
wheat or barley. |
| Tallow |
Rendered
fat from sheep and cattle - hard fat. |
| Tally |
The number of
sheep shorn daily by a shearer. |
| Tame pasture |
Cultivated fields planted with introduced (non-native)
grass and legume species or cultivars. Syn. Sown or improved pasture.
|
| Tangible |
An asset which
has substance or physical body. |
| Tank |
A reservoir of
any construction for water storage. Ground tanks are excavations in the
soil which collect and store water. Syn. Dam |
| Taproot
System |
A plant root
system dominated by a single large root, normally growing straight
downward, from which most of the smaller roots spread out laterally,
c.f. fibrousroot
system. |
| Tar
boy |
Person
who walks the board where sheep are prone to fly strike and puts a
smear of tar on the shearing cuts made in response to the shearers'
call "tar". Tar is
now replaced by modern antiseptics and fly repellents. |
| Tare |
1. Allowance
made to the buyer to compensate for the weight of the container.
2. Weight of Vehicle less weight of fuel and load |
| Target Species |
Are those for
which a treatment (such a chemical spray) is intended. |
| Tattoo |
An indelible
distinguishing mark, or letters and figures, made usually in the ear of
an animal by rubbing pigment into small punctures in the skin. |
| Tax |
A charge levied
by government on income, expenditure (sales of goods and services),
capital gains etc.. |
| Tax Averaging |
This enables
Australian primary producers reduce the increased tax caused by
fluctuating income. The tax payable by an individual is calculated on
the current year's taxable income, but at a rate in the dollar which is
calculated on the average rate of the previous five years' taxable
income. |
| Taxable
Income |
Assessable
income
minus allowable deductions. |
| TCM |
Total Catchment Management.
A government initiative with the principles of balancing the
development and conservation of land, water, vegetation and other
natural resources while minimising land degradation and maintaining
high water quality |
| Team |
Group
of dogs owned by a shepherd that would normally be made up of heading dogs, huntaways, backing dogs, leaders, and general
purpose (handy) dogs. |
| Tear |
The ratio of 'top' to 'noil' after combing a batch of wool. |
| Teaser |
Male animal or rig used to determine if a
female
is in heat and ready to
be
served. |
| Teat |
A nipple of the
mammary gland, in dairy cows the projections from the udder.
Also the rubber mouthpiece of a feeding bottle.
•
Teat orifice opening at end of teat. • Teat canal
(streak canal) the opening through the teat end. •
Teat cistern
the space inside the actual teat into which milk flows. • Teat
grand cistern or grand sinus the space in the lower part of the udder
in which milk accumulates. |
| Teat
spray |
A
sanitiser sprayed on teats after milking to control mastitis by
reducing the bacterial level on the teat. |
| Teatcup |
An
assembly consisting of a rigid shell (or case) with a short pulse tube
and a liner. |
| Teatcup
crawl |
The
action of the teatcup crawling up the teat during milking to a point
where it could cut off the milk flow. |
| Technical
Coefficient |
The rate at
which units of input are transformed into output. |
| Technical
Efficiency |
Physical output
per unit of input. Does not indicate profitability or economic efficiency. |
| Technology |
A particular
system of inputs and production practices. |
| Tectonic Activity |
Refers to
changes in the earth's structure, and particularly to forces that cause
the earth's surface to fold, to move up and down by earthquakes,
volcanoes etc. |
| Teleomorph |
The sexual reproductive stage (morph), typically a
fruiting body of a fungus |
| Temperament |
The individual
character of an animal, shown by the way it behaves. |
| Temperate |
Plant species
that grow best in cool climates, or during the cooler months of the
year; (as opposed to tropical plants, which grow in warmer climates). |
| Temperate
Climate |
Climate
characterised by uniform annual rainfall distribution and cold winters. |
| Tenant |
A farm operator
who rents land, buildings, or other assets from their owner; a lessee. |
| Tender |
(a) Wool fibres
that have a weakness at a certain point of the staple, and if tension
is applied, the staple will break Syn. Break.
(b) A written offer to perform certain work or to supply goods or buy
land at a specified price, or on certain terms. |
| Tenderness of
Wool |
The weakness of
the wool staple as a result of nutritional or climatic stress or
disease. The wool will break more easily, compared to sound wool, when
tension is applied. |
| Tension |
The
strain put on each wire in a fence. |
| Tension
meter. |
A
device to measure the strain in a fence |
| Tenure |
The manner by
which an operator gains control and use of real estate assets, such as
renting or owning them. See Torrens
system |
| Teratogen |
A
substance that interferes with the embryological development of an
organism causing abnormalities. |
| Term |
The length of a
loan e.g. 10 years |
| Term
Loan |
Loan on which
the principal is repaid in equal instalments and interest is paid on
the outstanding balance. Syn. Amortised
Loan See Interest
Rate Formulae |
| Terminal Sire |
A male animal
bred with strong production characteristics to be mated with a
crossbred or female line bred with greater emphasis on reproductive
capacity. |
| Terms
Of Trade |
Indicate the
purchasing power of a bundle of exports in terms of imports or the
level of export prices as compared with import prices. The terms of
trade are said to become more favourable if export prices are rising
more rapidly or falling less rapidly than import prices. In either
case, a larger quantity of imports can be obtained for a given quantity
of exports. On the other hand, if export prices are rising less rapidly
or falling more rapidly than import prices, the terms of trade are
unfavourable. May also be applied to a sector within an economy such as
farming. cf. cost
price squeeze. |
| Terracing |
Mechanical
movement of soil to produce a stone or earth dike along the horizontal
contour of a slope to retain water and diminish the potential of soil
erosion. |
| Testicle |
The male sex
gland, either of two oval glands situated in the scrotal sac. Synonym:
Testis,Testes
(plural) |
| Tetraploid |
Description of a
plant that has double the normal (diploid) set of chromosomes. These
plants (such as some ryegrasses) are bred for high production. |
| Texture |
1. See Soil texture.
2. Wool: The handle or feel of raw wool. |
| Thermal
Conductivity |
The process by
which heat energy is transferred from molecule to molecule and which
involves no movement of mass. |
| Thermostat |
An automatic
device responsive to changes in temperature, opening or closing an
electrical circuit |
| Three Day
Sickness |
See Ephemeral fever. |
| Threshing |
A harvesting
operation in which the seed is mechanically removed from the head and
stalk of the plant. A machine that does this is called a
thresher. |
| Threshold
Level |
The minimum
concentration or amount of a given substance or condition necessary to
produce a measurable physiological or psychological effect. c.f. LD50, limiting factor. |
| Threshold Wind
Velocity |
Lowest wind
speed capable of moving and lifting objects of a particular size. |
| Tick |
a. Any of
numerous small bloodsucking parasitic arachnids of the family Ixodidae,
many of which transmit diseases,.
b. Any of various usually wingless, louse-like insects of the family
Hippobosciddae that are parasitic on sheep, goats, and other animals |
| Tick
stained |
A
term applied to wool discoloured by the excreta of the sheep "tick" or
ked |
| Tie-back |
See
tie-wire |
| Tie-downs |
See dead
man |
| Tie-wire |
Wire
that ties the dead man
to the post. |
| Tillable
Acres |
Land that is or
could be cultivated. Syn Arable |
| Tillage |
Cultivation.
Primary tillage is the initial breaking of the soil. Secondary tillage
is follow-up operations that are shallower, and are carried out to
prepare a seedbed or kill weeds. |
| Tiller |
The side growth
emerging from the base of a grass plant with its own leaves and roots. |
| Tillering |
A stage in the growth of crop plants such as
wheat. The tillers
(shoots) form at the base of the plant, in the axil, of the first
formed leaves of the mainstem and of the coleoptile. |
| Tilth |
The physical
condition of a soil when considered for planting. Ideal tilth is
different for each kind of crop, and for different soils. |
| Tine |
Deer: Points or branches off the
main beam of antlers. |
| Tip |
The out
extremity of a staple
of
wool. |
| Tipping |
Shearing the
wool from young lambs to remove the curly tip of wool so the next
shearing will have an even staple. |
| Tippy |
Wool
with a very pointed tip to the staple. |
| Tissue Culture |
The growing of
cells in a special growth medium. It is used for the rapid asexual
multiplication of plants. |
| Tolerance |
1. The resistance
of an organism to the excess or the deficiency of an element or a
condition in its environment.
2. The ability of a plant to grow and yield well despite being infected
with the disease. The opposite of tolerance is sensitivity. |
| Title |
(Law) a. The
legal right to possess property especially Real Property (Real Estate).
b. The basis of such a right.
c. the documentary evidence of such a right (Title Deeds) |
| Tolerance |
Equivalent
to maximum
residue limit and resistance. |
| Tolls |
A system
previously used to finance grain storage and handling in South
Australia. A deduction (per tonne delivered) is made from the payment
to the grower and paid to Co-operative Bulk Handling Ltd (CBH) who use
it as an interest free loan from the grower, repaying it at the end of
each 12 year cycle. It was treated as taxable income in the year the
grain is delivered rather than when it was received back from CBH. The
system was abandoned in February 2000 with the de-mutualisation of the
SACBH |
| Top |
Long wool fibres
that are the product of combing. |
| Top-down approach |
The breaking down a system to gain insight into its
compositional sub-systems (analysis or decomposition). |
| Top Dressing |
Fertiliser
applied to a crop after it has emerged from the ground. |
| Topknot |
Wool
shorn from the top of a sheep's head. |
| Topography |
The shape of the
ground surface, such as hills, mountains, or plains. It also refers to
the slope of the land. |
| Toposequence |
A sequence of related soils that differ, one from the
other, primarily because of topography as a soil-formation factor |
| Topping |
The use of herbicides in crops or
pasture to assist in
the control of weeds. See Crop
topping, Pasture
topping |
| Topsoil |
The original or
present "A" soil
horizon varying widely among different kinds of soil. Applied to soils
in the field, the term has no precise meaning unless defined as to
depth or productivity in relation to a specific kind of soil. |
| Torrens
System |
This is the name
given to a system whereby title to land is evidenced by one document
issued by a Government Department. It may be contrasted with the
"Common Law" or "Old System" whereby title to land is evidenced by
deeds and other documents (either in the possession of one or more of
his predecessors) showing all dealings with the land in question back
to the original grant (perhaps at the foundation of the Colony) where
necessary. The "Old System" abounds with technicalities, requiring
skilled research to establish or be satisfied with title and requires
extremely verbose documents to convey, mortgage or otherwise deal with
the land. Legislation such as the Conveyancing Act of 1919 (NSW) has
simplified certain of "Old System" transactions, but the necessity for
skilled research and bundles of documents has remained. Where dealings
have been registered, only copies or abstracts are retained in the
proper Government office while the originals remain in the possession
of the persons entitled. None of the documents is intended, in itself,
to certify to the ownership of the particular land. The Torrens System
was introduced in South Australia in 1858 by Sir Robert Richard Torrens
with the object of simplifying the title to land, facilitating dealings
with it and securing indefeasibility of title to all registered
proprietors, except in certain specified cases. The system has been
adopted throughout Australia under the Real Property Acts of the
several States and the bulk of land in Australia is held under it. It
is based upon a title deed (the Certificate of Title) issued by the
State in duplicate. One deed is held by the owner or registered
proprietor and the other by the State, being bound up in the Register
Book. Thus the Certificate of Title reveals a person's title to land,
and dealings with it, and does away with the necessity of keeping a
pile of documents as under the "Old System". The cost of dealing (by
sale, mortgage, etc.)
with the land under the Torrens system is much less than dealing with
other land. |
| Total
Cost (TC) |
The sum of total
fixed cost and total variable cost. |
| Total
Fixed Cost (TFC) |
The sum of all
fixed costs. |
| Total
Physical Product |
The quantity of
output produced by a given quantity of inputs. |
| Total
Revenue (TR) |
Total quantity
produced multiplied by price per unit. The income received from the
total physical product; same as total value product. |
| Total
Value Product |
Total physical
product multiplied by the selling price of the product. |
| Total
Variable Cost |
The sum of all variable costs. |
| Total
vegetation control |
Weed
control which involves killing all plant cover. |
| Toxic |
Poisonous
or harmful. |
| Toxic
Plant Species |
A species of
plant which may accumulate or produce a substance toxic to animals. cf.
poisonous
plant. |
| Toxicity |
This
word is used in a very imprecise fashion to describe in general terms
how poisonous a material is expected to be in relation to other
compounds. The unit
of measurement is generally in terms of milligrams of chemical per
kilogram of body weight of the organism under test.
The type of toxicity may be described as• Dermal
If it applies to
application of the chemical to the skin. • Oral
If the chemical
is ingested. • Acute
If the toxicity results from the ingestion or application of a single
dose. • Chronic
If toxicity results from the intake or absorption of repeated small
doses or continuous exposure. |
| Trace
Elements |
Elements needed
in minute amounts for the healthy growth of plants and/or animals.
Large areas of South Australia were deficient in one or more of these
elements, the most common deficiencies being copper, zinc, manganese,
iron, molybdenum and cobalt. c.f. Leibigs' law of the minimum. |
| Trade-In |
The surrender of
an old item for a new one, to partly offset the price of the new item. |
| Trade-off |
An exchange that occurs as a compromise |
| Trading Account |
(a) See bank account. Trading
accounts are used regularly by the entity and withdrawals are usually
made through cheques. (b) An account that adds the physical and
financial production in an enterprise to allow a calculation of the gross profit or loss. |
| Trait |
A characteristic
(or 'character') of an animal. Generally this can be measured, scored
or assessed. Livestock industries use traits to define the direction to
breed towards for particular markets. |
| Tramline
Farming |
Tramline or Controlled Traffic farming
improves farm production and efficiency by controlling traffic and
confining compaction to permanent tramlines and reducing overlap.
Tramlines may be bare, fuzzy, sown or furry. |
| Trampling |
Treading
underfoot; the damage to plants or soil brought about by movements or
congestion of animals. |
| Transaction |
(a) An activity
of the day-to-day events of an entity, eg the sale of a product or the
purchase of an input. (see double entry). (b) Any agreement between two
parties, establishing a legal obligation. |
| Transdisciplinary |
A transdisciplinary approach dissolves boundaries
between disciplines while respecting disciplinary expertise.
See multidisciplinary, interdisciplinary, crossdisciplinarity. |
| Transfer |
A shift of
assets from one category or enterprise to another. NB. A transfer will
cause a revenue for
the
donor enterprise and an expense
for the recipient enterprise. |
| Transformer |
A device used to
transfer electric energy from one circuit to another, especially a pair
of multiply wound, inductively coupled wire coils that effect such a
transfer with a change in voltage, current, phase, or other electric
characteristic. |
| Transformity |
The ratio of the total emergy
that contributes to
generate an output to the available energy of the output (seJ/J). In
other words it is the emergy of one type required to make a unit of
energy of another type. |
| Transgenic |
Of, relating to,
or being an organism whose genome has been altered by the transfer of a
gene or genes from another species or breed. See GMO |
| Transhumance |
A system of
grazing involving annual migration of herds between summer and winter
pastures. |
| Translocated
Herbicide |
An herbicide
which is moved within the plant from the point of entry. Syn. phenoxy
herbicide. |
| Translocation |
The transfer of
food materials or products of metabolism throughout a plant. |
| Transpiration |
The loss of
water vapour through the stomata
of leaves. |
| Transpiration
Efficiency |
Dry matter production per unit of water transpired. |
| Trap Crops |
Are those that
are planted, especially in strip cropping to attract insect pests. |
| Traveller |
A travelling
irrigator. |
| Trend
Analysis |
Comparison of
the performance level of a farm business to the past performance of the
same business. |
| Trial
Balance |
A schedule in double entry
accounting which lists the ledger accounts and their respective balances at the
date of preparation. It is used to isolate errors prior to preparation
of final accounts. |
| Trickle
Irrigation |
The application
of small quantities of water directly to the root zone through various
types of nozzles or drippers. |
| Trifoliate |
Having
three small leaflets, e.g. clover leaf. |
| Trimming |
The
fat and meat removed in preparing wholesale and retail cuts for sale. |
| Trophic
Levels |
The sequence of
steps in a food chain or food pyramid, from producer to primary,
secondary or tertiary consumer. |
| Tropical
Climate |
Climate
characterised by reliable hot, wet summers and dry, mild winters. |
| True
to type |
An
animal showing marked development of all the characteristics peculiar
to that particular type or breed. |
| Trueness |
The
characteristic of wools which have the same diameter throughout the
length. |
| Trucking
Dog |
Dog
kept specially to help load stock into trucks. |
| Trust |
A flexible form
of organisation that operates according to what is in its Trust Deed.
Two common types of trusts - the discretionary
trust
and the unit trust. |
| Tuber |
Enlarged
underground stem that serves as storage of starch and related
materials. Potatoes are a good example. |
| Tupping |
An English and
New Zealand term to describe joining
or mating of animals |
| Turbidity |
A measure of the
clarity of water. The amount of suspended matter in a water sample or
water supply. |
| Turgor
Pressure |
The pressure
within a plant cell that results from the absorption of water into the
vacuole and the imbibing of water by the protoplast. |
| Turning
tail |
Fault
in a dog whereby it turns away from the sheep in a complete circle. It
fails to "face up" to
the sheep all the time. |
| Turnoff |
Production of
saleable animals from a livestock enterprise syn. Yield |
| Turnover |
The gross value
of sales of goods and services by a business. Turnover Ratio - the
ratio of turnover to the assets of a business (Turnover/Total Assets). |
| Twister |
Tool
to make a twitch. |
| Twitch |
A
twisted tie-wire of two or more strands. |
| Twitch
stick |
Twister
made of wood or steel. |
| Twitch
wire |
Same
as tie-wire |
| 2,4-D Herbicide |
A
member of the phenoxy family of herbicides, was the first successful
selective herbicide developed. It was introduced in 1946, and rapidly
became the most widely used herbicide in the world. It is
still widely used. |
| Two-wheel tractor |
Rubber-tyred or iron-rimmed two-wheeled, self-propelled
machines that may be equipped with a range of attachments such as
rotovators, ploughs, cultivators, seeders, transplanters, and planters
or attached to a cart for transport. Used in small-scale agriculture in
Asia and Europe. |
| Type |
Suitability
of wool for a particular form of processing and end use or the wool of
a particular breed. |
